L04: Adequacy Criteria — Revision Questions

Format: Explain in your own words, give brief examples

Question 1: Coverage Categories

Match each coverage category with its focus area:

Category	Focus
A. White Box	1. Input space
B. Black Box	2. Code structure
C. Mutation	3. Specification
D. Requirements	4. Fault detection

Question 2: Coverage Formula

A test suite executes 45 out of 60 statements. What is the statement coverage?

Question 3: Two Uses of Coverage

What are the two ways coverage criteria can be used? Explain each with an example.

Question 4: Statement Coverage Weakness

Consider this code:

x = 0
if condition:
    x = 4
y = z / x

A test with condition=True achieves 100% statement coverage. Why is this problematic?

Question 5: Branch vs Statement

How many tests are needed for 100% branch coverage on an if-else statement? How does this compare to statement coverage?

Question 6: Compound Predicate Problem

For if (A && B), branch coverage requires only 2 tests. What combination is never tested, and why is this a problem?

Question 7: Cyclomatic Complexity Calculation

A control flow graph has 10 edges and 8 nodes. Calculate $V(G)$.

Question 8: Alternative Formula

A function has 5 decision points (if, while, etc.). What is its cyclomatic complexity?

Question 9: Basis Path vs All Paths

Why is basis path coverage preferred over all-path coverage? Complete this table:

Decisions	All Paths	Basis Paths
4	?	?
10	?	?

Question 10: Unfeasible Paths

What is an unfeasible path? Give an example.

Question 11: Condition Coverage Test Count

For predicate if (A && B), how many tests does each coverage type require?

Coverage Type	Tests Required
Basic Condition	?
Multiple Condition	?
MC/DC	?

Question 12: MC/DC Requirements

What are the three requirements for MC/DC coverage?

Question 13: MC/DC Test Count

How many tests are needed for MC/DC coverage of a predicate with 5 conditions? Compare to Multiple Condition coverage ($2^5$).

Question 14: MC/DC Independence Pairs

For if (A && B && C), construct a minimal MC/DC test suite showing which pairs demonstrate each condition’s independence.

Question 15: MC/DC Standards

Which safety-critical standards require or recommend MC/DC? Match standard to domain:

Standard	Domain
DO-178C	?
ISO 26262	?
IEC 62304	?

Question 16: Mutation Score

A test suite kills 72 mutants out of 100 total. 10 are equivalent mutants. What is the mutation score?

Question 17: Mutation Operators

Name five categories of mutation operators and give an example of each.

Question 18: Pairwise Testing

4 parameters x 3 values each = 81 exhaustive combinations. How many tests does pairwise testing typically require? Why is this sufficient?

Question 19: N-Switch Coverage

What is the difference between 0-switch, 1-switch, and 2-switch coverage?

Question 20: Coverage Limitations

What does coverage measure, and what does it NOT measure? Complete the table:

Coverage Measures	Does NOT Measure
?	Oracle correctness
?	Missing code
?	Requirements coverage

Question 21: Size Confounding

Inozemtseva & Holmes (2014) found that coverage-effectiveness correlation drops to ~0 when controlling for what variable? What percentage of the coverage effect does test suite size explain?

Question 22: Assertions vs Coverage

According to Zhang & Mesbah (2015), what has a stronger correlation with test effectiveness: coverage or assertion quantity?

Question 23: Coverage Criteria Effectiveness

According to Hemmati (2015), what percentage of faults does statement coverage detect? What about data-flow coverage?

Question 24: Coverage Anti-Patterns

List three coverage anti-patterns and explain why each is problematic.

Question 25: Coverage Level Selection

Match each context with the appropriate coverage criterion:

Context	Criterion
A. Minimum bar for any code	1. MC/DC
B. Default for unit tests	2. Statement
C. Safety-critical (DO-178C Level A)	3. Branch
D. Complex control flow	4. Basis Path

Question 26: Coverage Targets

What are the recommended minimum and target coverage levels?

Coverage	Min	Target
Statement	?	?
Branch	?	?
Mutation	?	?

Question 27: Tool Matching

Match the coverage tool to its language:

Tool	Language
A. JaCoCo	1. Python
B. Coverage.py	2. Java
C. LLVM-cov	3. JavaScript
D. c8	4. C/C++

Question 28: Oracle Problem

What is the oracle problem in software testing? What are some mitigations?

Question 29: Branch Coverage and Mutation Relation

What is the relationship between branch coverage and mutation testing? Does one subsume the other?

Practical Problems

Question 30: Branch vs Statement Coverage (Practical)

Explain why branch coverage is considered stronger than statement coverage. Provide a code example where 100% statement coverage fails to detect a fault that branch coverage would catch.

Question 31: MC/DC Calculation (Practical)

Given predicate if ((A || B) && C): a) How many tests for Multiple Condition coverage? b) Construct a minimal MC/DC test suite c) Show independence pairs for each condition

Question 32: Critical Analysis (Practical)

A project manager claims: “We achieved 95% code coverage, so our software is thoroughly tested.” Critically evaluate this claim using evidence from recent research.

Topics Covered

Topic	Questions
Coverage fundamentals	Q1, Q2, Q3
Statement & branch coverage	Q4, Q5, Q6, Q30
Cyclomatic complexity & basis path	Q7, Q8, Q9, Q10
Condition coverage & MC/DC	Q11, Q12, Q13, Q14, Q15, Q31
Mutation & combinatorial	Q16, Q17, Q18, Q19
Coverage vs quality	Q20, Q21, Q22, Q23, Q24, Q32
Practical application	Q25, Q26, Q27
Testing theory	Q28, Q29